Learning Style Web Sites & Pages

Four Approaches to Language Learning Based on Learning Style (SIL International)
http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/LANGUAGELEARNING/
WaysToApproachLanguageLearning/FourApproachesToLanguageLearni.htm

Learning Modalities, Styles and Strategies
http://www.fln.vcu.edu/Intensive/LearningStrategies.html

Learning Styles (Richard M. Felder, North Carolina State University)
http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Learning_Styles.html

Learning Styles & Multiple Intelligence
http://www.ldpride.net/learningstyles.MI.htm

Learning Styles and Differences (Learning Network)
http://familyeducation.com/topic/front/0,1156,1-2250,00.html

Learning Styles Glossary (SmarterKids.com)
http://www.smarterkids.com/rescenter/learnstyle.asp

Let's Learn about Learning Styles
http://members.aol.com/PegFlint/homeschool_learningstyles.html

Second Language Learning Styles and Strategies
ERIC/CLL Minibib, January 1994 (Compiled by Angela Bishop)
http://www.cal.org/ERICCLL/Minibibs/Strategies.html

Teach to Students' Learning Styles (Judie Haynes, 2001)
http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/learningstyle.php?ty=print

Your Learning Style and Language Learning (Clay Johnston & Carol J. Orwig, SIL International)
http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/LANGUAGELEARNING/OtherResources/
YorLrnngStylAndLnggLrnng/YorLrnngStylAndLnggLrnng.htm
 

Learning Style Assessment Instruments Available Online

Assessing Your Learning Style: Auditory-Visual-Tactile/Kinesthetic
http://www.fln.vcu.edu/Intensive/AVstyle.html

The Grasha-Riechmann Student Learning Style Scales
http://www.fln.vcu.edu/Intensive/GRLSS.html

Index of Learning Styles
http://www.crc4mse.org/ILS/self_test.html

Idex of Learning Styles (ILS)
http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/ILSpage.html

A Learning Style Survey for College
http://silcon.com/~scmiller/multiple/multiple_choice_questions.cgi

Learning Styles (Chaminade College Preparatory, California)
http://www.chaminade.org/inspire/learnstl.htm

Learning Styles (University of Kansas)
http://www.arce.ukans.edu/arce/intro/learnsty.htm

Personal Learning Style Inventory
http://www.howtolearn.com/personal.html

Personal Style Inventory
http://www.fln.vcu.edu/Intensive/PSI.html

What's Your Child's Primary Learning Style? (Learning Network)
http://familyeducation.com/quiz/0,1399,1-2740,00.html
 

Bibliography

Bada, C., & Okan, Z. (2000). Students' language learning preferences. TESL-EJ, 4(3), A-1, 1-15. Retrieved November 12, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej15/a1.html.

Berman, M. (2000, April). How to cater for kinesthetic intelligence. ELT Newsletter, Article 7. Retrieved January 6, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://www.eltnewsletter.com/back/April2000/art72000.shtml.

Christison, M. A. (1998). Applying Multiple Intelligences Theory in preservice and inservice TEFL education programs. English Teaching Forum Online, 36(3), 2. Retrieved December 29, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol36/no2/p2.htm.

Davis, E. C., Nur, H,  & Ruru, S. A. A. (1994). Helping teachers and students understand learning styles. English Teaching Forum Online, 32(3), 12. Retrieved December 28, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol32/no3/p12.htm.

Ehrman, M., & Oxford, R. (1990), Adult language learning styles and strategies in an intensive training setting. Modern Language Journal, 74(3), 311-327.

Ellis, R. (1989). Classroom learning styles and their effect on second language acquisition: A study of two learners. System, 17(2), 249-262.

Felder, R. M. (1996). Matters of style. ASEE Prism, 6(4), 18-23. Retrieved October 19, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Papers/LS-Prism.htm.

Felder, R. M., & Henriques, E. R. (1995). Learning and teaching styles in foreign and second language education. Foreign Language Annals, 28(1), 21-31. Retrieved October 19, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Papers/FLAnnals.pdf.

Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.

Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. New York: Basic Books.

Goldberg, D. (1998). Teaching is not  learning. ETNINEWS, 3. Retrieved December 31, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.w-angle.galil.k12.il/red/etninews/issue3/feature1.html.

Hisama, T., & Chang, H. (1999). A comparative study of Taiwanese and Japanese students' learning styles and their relationship to EFL proficiency. Paper presented at the 12th World Congress of Applied Linguistics, Tokyo.

Kang, S. (1999). Learning styles: Implications for ESL/EFL instruction. English Teaching Forum Online, 37(4), 6. Retrieved December 28, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://e.usia.gov/forum/vols/vol37/no4/p6.htm.

Larsen-Freeman, D. (1986). Techniques and principles in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Claxton, C. S., & Murrell, P. H. (1988). Learning Styles. ERIC Digest (ED301143). Retrieved January 4, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://ericae.net/db/edo/ED301143.htm.

Lee, S. J. (2000). A study on learning styles and media instructions in learning language. English Language Education, 21, 215-232.

Nachiengmai, Y. (1998). Reflections on learning styles and strategies. ThaiTESOL Bulletin, 11(1). Retrieved October 19, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.thaitesol.org/bulletin/1101/110104.html.

O'Malley, J.M., & Chamot, A.J. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Oxford, R. (1994, October). Language learning strategies: An update. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics, ERIC Digest. Retrieved October 19, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.cal.org/ericcll/digest/oxford01.html.

Oxford, R. (1989, December). The role of styles and strategies in second language learning. ERIC Digest (ERIC Identifier: ED317087). Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics, ERIC Digest. Retrieved October 19, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed317087.html.

Reid, J. M. (19987). The learning style preferences of ESL students. TESOL Quarterly, 21(1), 87-111.

Reid. J. 1997. Understanding learning styles in the second language classroom. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall/Regents.

Richards, J. C., & Lockhart, C. (1994). Reflective teaching in second language classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schroeder, C. C. 1993. New students--New learning styles. Retrieved October 19, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.virtualschool.edu/mon/Academia/KierseyLearningStyles.html.

Thanasoulas, D. (2000). What is learner autonomy and how can it be fostered? The Internet TESL Journal, 6(11). Retrieved December 30, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.aitech.ac.jp/~iteslj/Articles/Thanasoulas-Autonomy.html.

Turton, D., Paulus, T. M., & Brantner-Artenie, D. (2000). Attending to learning styles in academic tasks. TESOL Journal, 9(4), 31-33.

Violand Hainer, E., Fagan, B., Bratt, T., Baker, L., & Arnold, N. (1990, Summer). Integrating learning styles and skills in the ESL classroom: An approach to lesson planning. NCBE Program Information Guide Series, Number 2. Retrieved October 19, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/ncbepubs/pigs/pig2.htm.

Wenden, A., & Rubin, J. (1987). Learning strategies in language learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
 

Quotes

"Learning styles are simply different approaches or ways of learning." (Learning Styles & Multiple Intelligence)

"A learning style is a method a person uses for acquiring knowledge. Every person learns in his or her own unique way. A learning style is not what a person learns but how that person learns it." (SmarterKids.com, Learning Styles Glossary)

"The ways in which an individual characteristically acquires, retains, and retrieves information are collectively termed the individual's learning style." (Felder & Henriques, 1995, p. 21)

"Nobody can teach you anything. You learn on your own, in your own particular, individual way. Learning depends upon many factors, many of them personal. In order to be a better learner, then, you need to learn about your preferred learning modalities." (Learning Modalities, Styles and Strategies)

"Teaching a class  means catering to multiple idiosyncratic methods of learning." (Goldberg, 1998)

"It is always important for teachers to teach to their students' learning styles but this becomes crucial when teaching English language learners. ELLs may be highly literate in their own language but experience difficulties when acquiring English because they are accustomed to learning through a different style." (Haynes, 2001)

"Effective language teaching and learning can only be achieved when teachers are aware of their learners' needs, capabilities, potentials, and preferences in meeting these needs." (Bada & Okan, 2000, p. 10)

"Educators should employ instruments to identify students' learning styles and provide instructional alternatives to address their differences. Teachers should plan lessons to match students' learning styles while at the same time encouraging students to diversify their learning style preferences." (Kang, 1999)

"Studies show that matching teaching styles to learning styles can significantly enhance academic achievement, student attitudes, and student behavior at the primary and secondary school level, at the college level, and specifically in foreign language instruction." (Felder & Henriques, 1995, p. 28)

"The idea is not to teach each student exclusively according to his or her preferences, but rather to strive for a balance of instructional methods. If the balance is achieved, students will be taught partly in a manner they prefer, which leads to an increased comfort level and willingness to learn, and partly in a less preferred manner, which provides practice and feedback in ways of thinking and solving problems which they may not initially be comfortable with but which they will have to use to be fully effective professionals." (Richard M. Felder, Learning Styles)

"An objective of education should thus be to help students build their skills in both their preferred and less preferred modes of learning. Learning style models that categorize these modes provide good frameworks for designing instruction with the desired breadth. The goal is to make sure that the learning needs of students in each model category are met at least part of the time. This is referred to as 'teaching around the cycle.'" (Felder, 1996)

"Academic language skills can be taught with activities that cater to a variety of learning styles. It is important that students be encouraged to learn in their preferred style but also be challenged to stretch their ability to learn in different ways." (Turton, Paulus, & Brantner-Artenie, 2000)

Online since: November 1, 2000
Last updated: July 5, 2001